Scanning electrochemical microscopy for biosurface imaging

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful technique that can provide chemical identity, quantification, and spatiotemporal information on biosurfaces. The ability of SECM for noninvasive high-resolution imaging has made it valuable the study cell phenotypes functions. This review focuses latest advances biosurface imaging. measurements different biomarkers, including oxygen consumption rate enzyme activity aggregates, redox state cardiomyocytes, bacterial metabolic activity, are introduced. applicability membrane permeability measurements, neurotransmitter intracellular discussed.